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Join With us. Today Updates. August 8. July June Duggal Free Download June Charles H. Roth, Larry April April 6. Popular Files. Grewal Book Free Download April Ela — Environmental engineering and science is a discipline of engineering that fuses the chemical, physical, and biological sciences with various fields related to engineering. Masters and Wendell P. Ela, is a revised edition and comprises nine chapters. Apart from this content, there are four appendices that cover useful conversion factors, the density and viscosity of water and air, atomic numbers, and atomic weights.
Introduction To Environmental Engineering And Science is written in clear language and with the intention to cater to undergraduate students taking up courses in the field of Environmental engineering and science, non-engineering students, and pure science students. Preface Chapter 1. Mass and Energy Transfer Chapter 2. Environmental Chemistry Chapter 3.
Mathematics of Growth Chapter 4. Risk Assessment Chapter 5. Water Pollution Chapter 6. In the USA, Federal Aviation Administration requirements prohibit the operation of a landfill within 10, feet of an airport and, under some circumstances, up to 5 miles.
Several methods, including use of noise makers, and nets or wires suspended over the site, have been tried to discourage birds at landfills near airports. Daily cover also forms cells which are thought to reduce the ability of fires to spread throughout the landfill. Although the majority of these occurrence were associated with gas migration without serious incident. Drainage problems within the landfill maybe complicated by the presence of daily cover.
The downward movement of water may be impeded by the intermediate soil layers and result in leachate seeping out of the side of the landfill.
It is recommended that daily cover be removed near the outer edges of the fill before subsequent lifts are added so that downward movement of water is facilitated. Scavengers have been injured, sometimes fatally, while picking through the waste, and scavenging should not be allowed. To be more specific, waste is defined as a moveable object which has no direct use- unwanted material discarded permanently. This definition also refers to solid waste.
Hazardous waste is a waste which include solids, sludge, liquids and containerized gases, except radioactive and infectious wastes, due to their chemical activity reactivity or toxicity, explosive, corrosive, or other characteristics, cause danger to health or environment, either it is stand alone or in contact with other wastes.
Hazardous wastes can be grouped into 2 categories; which are hazardous substance material which have some commercial value because they are usable and hazardous wastes material which had been used, spilled or no longer needed.
US EPA under subtitle C declared that waste is considered as hazardous if: i Waste is declared hazardous by its generators ii Material exhibit following characteristics; ignitable, corrosive, reactive or toxic.
For the classification of any material as a hazardous waste, the material itself must be considered as waste and meet one of the following criteria: i Show any characteristics of hazardous waste. It is usually produced during industrial, chemical and biological processes.
The household, office and commercial wastes also contain small quantities of toxic waste like batteries, old pesticides and containers. Since, it is can be in the variety of forms, it requires specific treatment. Examples of toxic wastes: i polychlorinated biphenyls PCB — non-flammable insulting material used by big electrical network. Also can be found in batteries and leaded gasoline. Also found in medical applications such as in cancer therapy.
The US government was the first to initiate legislation to regulate hazardous waste. Before that, the term hazardous waste was usually referred to special industrial waste or chemical waste. Beginning early s, hazardous waste became leading environmental issue to the society. Along with the public concern on the toxic reaction, hazardous waste had dominated environmental issues.
In Malaysia, the enforcement on the hazardous waste management only started in , with the introduction of the hazardous waste related act, i. They pose enough threat to deserve regulation as hazardous waste. Examples of such wastes include solvents, paint wastes and gasoline. The followings are some examples of corrosive wastes: i An aqueous material which has pH lower or equal to 2 or pH Here, waste is unstable and reacts violently without detonating, reacts violently with water that causes fire splash, forms explosive mixture with water, generates toxic gases when mix with water, contains cyanide or sulphide and pH lower or equal to 2 or pH of A set of regulations dealing with hazardous waste management which regulate the storage, transport, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes was enforced on May is as follows: i Environmental Quality Scheduled Wastes Regulations In the regulations, it is specified that before the disposal, the scheduled waste should be rendered innocuous and waste generated should be reduced.
There are categories of schedules wastes, which group into 2 parts: i Part 1 — Schedule Wastes from non specific sources, i. In November , a hazardous waste treatment plant for processing chemical waste was opened in Bukit Nanas. This plant model was based on Danish hazardous waste processing plant, Kommunekemi, Nyborg. This is the first plant for processing hazardous waste in Malaysia. The owners of Kualiti Alam hold the contract for treatment of all hazardous waste in Peninsular Malaysia for 15 years.
When the plant was being designed, Malaysia drew up legislation on hazardous waste as an addition to the above legislation. It is known as Environmental Quality scheduled Wastes Regulation The plant receives all types of hazardous waste except hospital and radioactive waste. Organic waste is burnt in the incineration plant.
Acidic and basic inorganic fluids are exposed to chemical treatment that neutralizes them and removes poisons such as chromium and cyanide. The residues from this treatment and solid inorganic waste are bound tightly with lime and cement before being deposited on a double membrane equipped landfill with room for waste residues for up to 20 years.
Between , an average of , tonnes of scheduled waste was generated per annum, mainly from metal finishing, electronics, textile, chemical and chemical-related industries, agricultural and domestic activities, and clinical waste from hospitals.
Companies generating wastes are now required to inform the authorities about hazardous waste and whether there is a need for associated collection, storage and processing. In addition, the companies have to pay for this service on the basis of the polluter pays principle. Generally, air pollution occurs when there are impurities in the atmosphere that can cause bad effects or harm to the human health, animals, vegetations and materials.
Below are some definitions taken from a number of sources: Air pollution is the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air contaminants i. Rapid industrialisation, development and greater dependence on fossil fuels have contributed to the increment of harmful pollutants, making life more unpleasant and unhealthy. Air pollution disaster had been reported as early as in London but for the moment three major episodes will be discussed.
In each of these cases, a persistent 3 -6 days inversion combined with significant industrial or, in London, domestic pollutant emissions resulted in high ground-level concentrations that caused acute illness.
In each case, the death is caused by existing respiratory cardiovascular disease. For London disaster, pneumonia was the primary cause of death. Table describes briefly the characterization of these episodes. The unhealthy air quality recorded in other parts of the country was mainly due to high levels of PM In , Malaysia experienced short periods of slight-to- moderate air pollution in the months of June, August, and September.
This was mainly due to south westerly winds that caused the deterioration of air quality in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The fires in Kalimantan also contributed to the slight haze in the southern part of Sarawak. Apart from these haze episodes, there were no other serious incidences of air pollution in Particulate Matter PM and ground-level O3 remained the prevailing pollutants in the country.
The air quality status, based on APIs, in major Malaysian cities for are shown in Figures through Source: DoE, Figure Source: DoE, Natural pollutants such as dust storms, forest fires and volcanoes may pose serious air quality problems when they are generated in significant quantities near human settlements.
However, natural air pollution has not been a major societal concern. Anthropogenic man-made air pollution such as mobile sources has been and continues to be a serious problem. Its seriousness lies in the levels of pollutant produced in environments that harms human health and welfare. There are three main contributors to air pollution load in Malaysia reported for They are stationary sources, mobile sources and open burning sources. Table indicates the distribution of industrial air pollution sources by states for From the table, Selangor contributes the highest number of stationary sources that is Figure shows the recent estimates of emissions in Malaysia.
Mobile sources such as passenger cars, taxis, buses, motorcycles, vans and lorries are the main contributors to air pollution. Figure shows the distribution of air pollution emission load from mobile sources for From the figures, It was enacted in The main environmental regulatory agency in Malaysia at the federal level is the Department of Environment or DoE, which is currently part of the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment.
Environmental management is conducted at the federal level by the DoE and headed by the Director-General of Environmental Quality, who is appointed by the Minister from among members of the public service. Within each state, the state governments have corresponding authorities and officials in charge of environmental matters. Primary pollutants e.
Secondary pollutant e. For examples, hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon while ketones and aldehydes contain oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. Particulate pollutants consist of finely divided solids and liquids including dust, fumes, smoke, fly ash, mist and spray. The particulates pollutants will settle out under proper condition.
Gaseous pollutant is the formless fluids that completely occupy the space, into which they are released, behave more like air and do not settle out. Gaseous pollutants include vapours of substances that are liquid or solid at normal temperatures and pressures. Particles can be classified from their mode of formation as dust, smoke, fumes, fly ash, mist, or spray.
Figure shows the characteristics of particles and particle dispersoids. The size range from 1. The size range from 0. Fumes are from sublimation, distillation, calcination or molten metal processes. Spray liquid particles formed by atomization of parent liquids e. Settleable particulates are washed out with rain or settles down as dry depositions and they are usually measured by dustfall bucket.
Suspended particulates are usually measured by high volume sampler or portable mini volume sampler. It is a basic and inexpensive device consists of an open bucket containing water to trap and holds the particles. It is exposed at suitable location such as building roof for 30 days.
After 30 days of collection, the water is evaporated and the particulates are weighed. The inlets are designed to remove the larger particles before the sample reaches the filter. The filter is weighed before and after sampling, and the airflow rate, which gradually decreases as particulates accumulate on the filter, is accurately metered and recorded.
For the ease of monitoring in site, portable mini volume sampler is designed so that it can be placed easily at the desired monitoring site. Figure and shows the high volume sampler and portable mini volume sampler respectively.
Micrograms per cubic meter and parts per million are a unit of measurement for concentration and they are used to indicate the concentration of gaseous pollutant. Formerly concentration of gaseous pollutants were usually reported in parts per million ppm , parts per hundred million pphm , or parts per billion ppb by volume.
Example Determining the volume, temperature and pressure relationship. Calculate the volume occupied by 4 mol of gas at Solution: To solve this problem, first of all, volume of NO2 need to be find.
For that purpose, equation [] will be used. The major organs of RS are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The nose, pharynx, larynx and trachea are called upper respiratory tract URT.
The lower respiratory tract LRT consists of bronchi and lung which is composed of alveoli. These are: i Bronchial asthma — form of airway resistance that results from allergy. An asthma attack is the result of the narrowing of bronchioles. The small grape-like cluster become a large nonresilient ballon-like structure and the amount of surface area for gas exchange is reduced drastically. The growth closes off the bronchioles and usually cause fatal. The formation of carboxyhemoglobin COHb effectively deprives the body of O2.
At COHb levels of 2. The average concentration of CO inhaled in cigarette smoke is ppm. Asbestos, arsenic, benzene, coke oven emissions and radionuclides are carcinogen or cancer causing. Berylium causes lung disease and also affects the liver, spleen, kidneys and lymph glands. Mercury attacks the brain, kidneys and bowels.
It is inhaled and ingested in food and water. Early symptom of Pb poisoining is a mild anemia deficiency of red blood cells. Chronic exposure to Pb may result in brain damage charecterized by seizures, mental incompetence, highly active aggressive behavior, weakness of extensor muscles on hands and feet or eventual paralysis. Atmosperic Pb occur as particle. The size range 0. At a lower concentration, it gives brownish yellow tint. Exposure to NO2 concentration above 5 ppm for 15 minutes will cause cough and irritation of respiratory tract.
At 5 ppm NO2 has a pungent sweetish odor. The average NO2 concentration in tobacco smoke is approximately 5 ppm. At a concentration of 0. Concentration above 0.
Some investigations have pointed out that particles less than 2. Figure shows a cross section through the mature leaf consisting of 3 primary tissue systems: the epidermis, the mesophyll and the vascular bundle veins.
The opening in the underside of the leaf is called stoma plural of stoma is stomata. The mesophyll includes the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma containing chloroplast that is the food center. The guard cells regulate the passage of gases and water vapour in and out of the leaf. Ozone O3 injured the palisade cell. The chloroplast condenses and the cell walls collapse resulting in the formation of red-brown spots and white spots fleck. O3 injury occurs during midday on sunny days.
The guard cells are more likely to be open and thus allow the pollutants to enter to the leaf. Nitrogen dioxide NO2 and sulfur dioxide SO2 can inhibit the growth of the plant at a low concentration and produce necrosis at higher concentration surface spotting due to loss of protoplasm or known as plasmolysis.
The reduction in surface area leaf results in less growth and small fruit. Fluoride deposition on plants will damage them. Grazing animals may accumulate an excess of flouride that mottles their teeth and causes them to fall out.
A small amount of UV gives you the summer tan skin but too much of the UV will cause skin cancer. Oxygen also absorbs the UV but only over a narrow band centred at a wavelength 0f 0.
The photochemistry of these reactions is shown in figure The M refers to any third body usually N2. When the CFCs are introduced into the upper atmosphere, ozone is destroyed.
Figure shows ozone destruction by chlorofluorocarbons. First, the CFCs react with light energy to release chlorine atom. Accelerating ozone-layer depletion will have serious impacts on most of living things on earth. This radiation can cause the change in genetic structure, alters the immune systems, damages crops, disrupts the marine food web, enhances greenhouse effect by affecting the carbon dioxide absorbing capacity of plankton in oceans and increases the incidence of skin cancer.
Figure shows how the increased UV-B radiation and change in climate caused by depleted ozone will affect life on earth. They covered the scientific, environmental, technical and economic aspects of ozone layer depletion. The main conclusions reached by the panels were published and distributed in by the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP , which acts a secretariat to the protocol. At least one year assessment, the Parties shall convene appropriate panels of experts qualified in the fields mentioned and determine the composition and terms of reference of any such panels.
Within one year of being convened, the panel shall reports their conclusions, through the Secretariat, to the Parties Article 6, Montreal Protocol Source: Khan, In the spring of , eighty countries met at Helsinki, Finland to access the new information. Phase out production and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs no later than Phase out production and consumption as soon as feasible of halons and such chemicals as carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform that also contribute to ozone depletion.
Commit themselves to accelerated development of environmentally acceptable alternative chemicals and technologies. Make relevant scientific information, research results, and training available to developing countries. The implementation of the Montreal Protocol appears to be working. Atmospheric substances from volcanic eruptions, forest fires and other similar natural phenomena also contribute to the natural sources of acidity in rain but not acidic enough to destroy plants and animals.
Acid rain has been associated with sulphur oxides SOx ; principally sulphur dioxides SO2 and to a lesser extent, sulphur trioxide SO3 and nitrogen oxides NOx principally nitrogen oxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO2 combining with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These gases react with water to form sulphuric and nitric acids which are soluble and fall with the rain.
Acid rain major sources are from human sources, such as industrial and power generating plants, transportation vehicles and farming industries ammonia for fertilizer. The gases can be carried hundred of miles in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited. Industrial acid rain is a major problem in China, Eastern Europe, Russia and areas down winded from them. These areas also burn coal containing sulphur to generate heat and electricity.
Lower pH values may affect fish directly by interfering with their reproductive cycles or by releasing otherwise insoluble aluminium Al , which is toxic. At pH lower than 5, most fish eggs will not hatch and lower pH can kill adult fish. As lakes become more acidic biodiversity is reduced. Acid rain also leaches calcium Ca and magnesium Mg from the soil thus lower the molar ratio of Ca to Al which in turn, favours the uptake of Al by fine roots that ultimately leads to their deterioration.
Acid rain can also damage certain building materials and historical monuments due to chemical reactions between sulphuric acid and calcium compounds in the stones limestone, sand stone, marble and granite to create gypsum that flakes off. The toxic released due to acid rain forms the greatest threat to human. In ,the US Congress authorized a 10 year study to assess the causes and effects of acidic deposition.
In September, NAPAP released an interim report that indicated that acidic precipitation appeared to have no measurable and consistent effects on crops, tree seedlings, or human health, and that a small percentage of lakes across the US were experiencing pH value lower than 5.
In , NAPAP reported to Congress that there remained no evidence of widespread decline of forest tree species causes by acidic deposition. Earth atmophere can be divided into four major layers refer Figure : i Troposphere — where most of our weather occurs, ranges from 5 km at the poles to about 18 km equator. The temperature decreases with altitude. Pollutant that migrate into this layer can stay for many years. This layer has a high ozone concentration. Air pollution problem occurs in the troposhere.
Pollutants in the troposphere whether produced naturally or emitted from human activities are moved by air currents that we call wind. Wind not only moves the pollutants horizontally, but causes the pollutants to disperse, reducing the concentration of the pollutants a distance away from the source. Lapse rate is the change of air temperature with height.
It is used as indicator as the stability condition of the atmosphere. There are 3 stability categories that are: a Neutral atmosphere b Unstable atmosphere c Stable atmosphere The rate of temperature change with height is described as lapse rate. The lapse rate for a neutral atmosphere is defined by the rate of temperature increase or decrease experienced by the parcel of air that expands or contracts adiabatically without addition or loss of heat as it raised through the atmosphere.
Air stability determines whether clouds form when air is uplifted, and the type of cloud. Whether or not this air packet continues to rise will depend upon how the temperature in the surrounding air changes with altitude.
The rising packet of air will lose heat because it expands as atmospheric pressure falls, and its temperature drops. If the temperature of the surrounding air does not fall as quickly with increasing altitude, the air packet will quickly become colder than the surrounding air, lose its buoyancy, and sink back to its original position. In this case the atmosphere is said to be stable. If the temperature of the surrounding air falls more quickly with increasing altitude, the packet of air will continue to rise.
The atmosphere in this circumstance is said to be unstable. There are two types of stable atmosphere: i Isothermal — No changes of temperature with elevation. It is the most severe form of stable atmosphere but when it occurs it is often asociated with restricted air volumes that cause air pollution.
The relationship between environmental lapse rates and stability can be seen in Figure Line I shows the slight decrease temperature with height. In this case, there is little or no heating or cooling of the ground and adjacent air.
Air cools as it expands its pressure decreases. The temperature change is close to adiabatic lapse rate so this situation is known as neutral stability. The lapse rate characterized by line II indicates a temperature decrease greater than adiabatic lapse rate. The condition is described as superadiabatic or unstable. Atmospheric condition is very unstable with strong vertical air motion. During this time, the dispersion of pollutant is very good.
Line III represent an isothermal lapse rate i. This situation is characterized as stable atmosphere. If a parcel of warm polluted air were released in this type of atmosphere, it will rise slowly and cool to the temperature of its surrounding. Dispersion of pollutant is limited in this atmospheric stability. Line IV indicates lapse rate condition in which the temperature increases with elevation.
Under this condition, the atmosphere is very stable. Because of warmer temperature above the ground, the polluted air will quickly become equilibrium with the temperature of its surroundings. The dispersion of pollutants is very poor because of stagnant condition i. Elevation, m Temperature, OC 2 Thus the atmospheric stability is neutral. The combination of vertical air movement and horizontal air flow influences the behavior of plumes from point sources stacks.
The looping plume of Figure occurs in highly unstable conditions and results from turbulence air. Unstable conditions are generally favorable for pollutant dispersion. High ground-level concentrations can occur if the plume loops downward to the surface. It is likely to occur on cloudy days or on sunny days between the breakup of a radiation inversion and the development of unstable daytime conditions. Figure Coning plume The fanning plume Figure occurs in stable conditions. The inversion lapse rate discourages vertical motion without prohibiting horizontal motion, and the plume may extend downwind from the source for a long distance.
Fanning plumes often occur in the early morning during a radiation inversion. Figure Fanning plume A major problem for pollutant dispersion is an inversion layer, which acts as a barrier to vertical mixing. When the condition is unstable above the inversion layer Figure , the release of plume above the inversion results in an effective dispersion. The probability of ground contact is small unless inversion layer is shallow.
This condition is known as lofting. As the ground warms in the morning, air below an inversion layer becomes unstable. When the instability reaches the level of the plume below the inversion layer, the pollutants can be rapidly transported down toward the ground Figure This is known as fumigation.
Ground-level pollutant concentrations can be very high when fumigation occurs. Sufficiently tall stacks can prevent fumigation in most cases. The relation between stability and plume can be summarized as in Table Water also supports all forms of life and affects our health, lifestyle, and economic well being. Although more than three quarters of the earth's surface is made up of water, only 2. The other However, this water is too salty to be used for most purposes, and the salt content is very costly to remove.
Although water flows from our faucets throughout the day, we often take the amount of fresh water available on earth for granted. As the world's population increases, water consumption increases too. Preventing water pollution and conserving water are important to assure a continuing abundance of water that is safe for our use and the use of our future generations.
Water pollution can be defined as any physical, biological, or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted. This can include the pollution of rivers, lakes, oceans, and ground water pollution. Although natural phenomena such as volcano eruptions, storms, earthquakes etc.
Water pollution has many causes and characteristics. It is a serious problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of death and disease and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14, people daily.
In most developing countries, only a tiny fraction of human wastes is treated before being dumped into rivers, lakes, or oceans. As a consequence, water pollution levels are often appalling.
In India, for example, two-thirds of all surface waters are considered dangerous to human health. The less-developed countries of South America, Africa, and Asia have even worse water quality than do the poorer countries of Europe. Low technological capabilities and little money for pollution control are made even worse by growing populations, rapid urbanization, and the shift of heavy industry from developed countries where pollution laws are stricter than those in the less developed countries where regulations are more lenient.
Thousands of people use the river not only for bathing and washing clothes, but also as their source of drinking and cooking water. Of 78 monitored rivers in China, 54 of them are reported to be seriously polluted. Of the 44 major cities in China, 41 of them used "contaminated" water supplies. Only few used undeveloped treatment before it is delivered to the public.
Different human sources add to the pollution of water. There are two types of sources, point and non point sources. Sources of water pollution are shown in Figure 5—1. Factories, power plants, wastewater treatment facilities, underground mines and oil wells, for example, are classified as point sources because they release pollution from specific locations, such as drain pipes, ditches, or sewer outfalls.
These pollutants are considered to be point source pollution because they enter a body of water at an identifiable, single-point location. Point source pollutions are easy to monitor and regulate.
Their unwanted contents can be diverted and treated before discharge. The pollution cannot be traced to a single point of discharge, difficult to monitor and control.
Discharges from vehicle emissions, construction site, urban runoff, forestry are examples of non point source pollution. They are considered to be non point source because pollution does not occur all the time in one location. The pollution is difficult to measure, and many of non point sources pollutions occur during rain storms. Reduction of non point source pollution generally requires change in land use practices. The land use activities and types of major non point source pollutants are summarised below in Table and Figure The most common non point source pollutants are sediments and nutrients.
These are washed into water bodies. The pollutants are from agricultural land, small and medium- sized animal feeding operations, construction sites, and other areas of disturbance. Other common non point source pollutants include pesticides, pathogens bacteria and viruses , salts, oil, grease, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals. Fertilizer and pesticide residues can run off or can be washed into streams and rivers or seep into soil, contaminating underlying groundwater.
However, there are several methods that can be applied for controlling surface water pollution from non point sources; i. Reduction of fertilizer runoff by not using excessive amount and the non-usage of steeply sloped land.
Application of pesticides only when needed. Reducing the usage of fertilizers and pesticides on golf courses and public parks. Planting of permanent vegetation as buffer zone between farmland and river or lakes. Restoration of logged forest to control soil erosion. Use of sedimentation basins or silt traps at construction sites. Road cleaning practices. Efficient solid waste management. Installation of waste traps at drainage system and rivers.
Construction — land Sediment Local authorities clearing and grading and etc. Surface mining - dirt, Sediment, heavy metals, Local authorities gravel, mineral acid drainage, nitrate, excavation and etc. There are many different types of water pollution and all have a different adverse effect on the environment. In rivers, oceans and seas, the water pollution such as heavy metals and industrial waste that often contains many toxic compounds can be lethal, killing the fish and plant life.
This in turn can kill birds and other animals that eat this contaminated food supply. Some toxins affect the reproductive rate of success of marine life and can therefore disrupt the community structure of an aquatic environment. The effects of water pollution have also been considered the leading cause of human deaths worldwide. More than 5 million people die each year from diseases caused by unsafe drinking water, lack of sanitation, and insufficient water for hygiene.
In fact, over 2 million deaths occur each year from water-related diarrhoea alone. Almost every type of contamination found in water has a detrimental effect on humans. Blood diseases, heart disease and nervous system disorders are commonly linked to the effects of water pollution. Many of the toxins found in polluted water are carcinogenic, which means they can cause cancer. Less severe effects of water pollution can include diarrhoea, skin lesions, and vomiting. Organic matter and nutrients causes an increase in aerobic algae and deplete oxygen from the water column.
This is called eutrophication and it causes the suffocation of fish and other aquatic organisms. The quality of water is also related to its specific use, and usually measured in terms of the concentration of its constituents.
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